codicilli N M

cōdĭcilli, ōrum (sing. post-class. and rare in the meaning II. B. 2. infra, Cod. Just. 1, 5, 4, § 5; Cod. Th. 8, 18, 7; 16, 5, 40; Dig. 29, 7, 19; cf. ib. 50, 16, 148), m. dim. [codex = caudex].

Wood cut and split for burning, only in Cato, R. R. 37, 5; 130. —

(Acc. to caudex, III., a writing-tablet; hence) A writing, letter, esp. a short writing, note, billet, a petition, etc.; cf. Plin. 13, 13, 27, § 89, and 33, 1, 4, § 12.

In gen., Cic. Phil. 8, 10, 28; id. Fam. 6, 18, 1; 9, 26, 1; id. Q. Fr. 2, 9 (11), 1; id. Att. 4, 8, 2: cum codicillis venit puer, Sulp. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2; Suet. Tib. 51; id. Claud. 5; id. Oth. 10; id. Gram. 14; Sen. Ep. 55, 10; Tac. A. 4, 39; 6, 9; Suet. Ner. 49; Sen. Clem. 15 al. —

Specif., in the time of the empire,

A writing of the emperor conferring some privilege, a diploma, a cabinet order, Suet. Tib. 22, 42; id. Calig. 18; 54; id. Claud. 29; Cod. Th. 6, 4, 23.—

A brief testamentary order, usu. as an addition or appendix to a will, a codicil, Plin. Ep. 2, 16, 1; Tac. A. 15, 64 fin.; cf. Dig. 29, tit. 7: de jure codicillorum.

* * *

* * *

bīni, ae, a (in sing. only twice, Lucr. 4, 452, and 5, 877; gen. plur. always binūm, Sisenn. ap. Non. p. 80, 4; Sall. H. 3, 22 Dietsch; Plin. 31, 6, 31, § 57; Scrib. Comp. 8), num. distr. [bis].

Two by two, two to each, two each, two at a time:

nam ex his praediis talenta argenti bina Statim capiebat,

every year two talents, Ter. Phorm. 5, 3, 6:

describebat censores binos in singulas civitates,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 53, § 133:

si unicuique bini pedes (campi) assignentur,

two to each, id. Agr. 2, 31, 84:

distribuit binos (gladiatores) singulis patribus familiarum,

id. Att. 7, 14, 2; Caes. B. C. 1, 25 fin.:

annua imperia binosque imperatores sibi fecere,

Sall. C. 6, 7:

Carthagine quotannis annui bini reges creabantur,

Nep. Hann. 7, 4:

illos binas aut amplius domos continuare,

Sall. C. 20, 11:

si inermes cum binis vestimentis velitis ab Sagunto exire,

Liv. 21, 13, 7:

bini senatores singulis cohortibus propositi,

id. 3, 69, 8; 10, 30, 10:

dentes triceni bini viris attribuuntur,

Plin. 7, 16, 15, § 71; 36, 9, 14, § 69.—

Taking the place of the cardinal number duo, with substt. which are plur. only, or with those which have a diff. signif. in the plur. from the sing. (cf. Serv. ad Verg. A. 8, 168):

binae (litterae),

two, Cic. Att. 6, 1, 9:

bina castra,

id. Phil. 12, 11, 27:

binae hostium copiae,

id. Imp. Pomp. 4, 9; Val. Max. 1, 6, 2:

inter binos ludos,

Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 52, § 130; cf.:

binis centesimis faeneratus est,

id. ib. 2, 3, 70, §

165: bini codicilli,

Suet. Oth. 10.—Esp.: bina milia, two thousand, Sisenn. ap. Non. p. 80, 4:

bina milia passuum,

Quint. 6, 3, 77.—

Of things that are in pairs or double, a pair, double, two:

boves bini,

a yoke of oxen, Plaut. Pers. 2, 5, 16; Lucr. 5, 1299:

si forte oculo manus uni subdita supter Pressit eum... Omnia quae tuimur fieri tum bina tuendo, bina lumina, Binaque supellex, etc.,

Lucr. 4, 449 sqq.:

corpus,

id. 5, 879:

binos (scyphos) habebam,

a pair, two of like form, Cic. Verr. 2, 4, 14, § 32:

per binos tabellarios,

id. Att. 6, 1, 9; id. Fam. 10, 33, 3:

aeribus binis,

Lucr. 4, 292:

bina hastilia,

Verg. A. 1, 313:

aures,

id. G. 1, 172:

frena,

id. A. 8, 168:

fetus,

id. E. 3, 30.—

Without subst.:

nec findi in bina secando,

into two parts, Lucr. 1, 534:

si bis bina quot essent didicisset,

Cic. N. D. 2, 18, 49.—

Bini, in mal. part. (cf. binei), Cic. Fam. 9, 22, 3.

consōlātōrĭus, a, um, adj. [consolor], pertaining to consolation, consolatory, of consolation (rare): litterae, letters of consolation, * Cic. Att. 13, 20, 1: codicilli, * Suet. Oth. 10.—

* Adv.: consōlātōrĭē, in a consolatory manner:

compellare aliquem (opp. increpative),

Sid. Ep. 6, 9.

con-vīcĭum (less correctly, acc. to Brambach, convītĭum, but preferred by B. and K., and by recent editors of Plaut. and Ter.), ii, n. [most prob. kindr. with vox; cf. Dig. 47, 10, 15, § 4; Paul. ex Fest. p. 41, 20], a loud noise, a cry, clamor, outcry (class.).

In gen.:

ne clamorem hic facias neu convitium,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 33; cf.:

erant autem convivia non illo silentio... sed cum maximo clamore atque convitio,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 11, § 28:

facere,

Ter. Ad. 2, 1, 26 Ruhnk.:

cantorum,

Cic. Sest. 55, 118:

mulierum, id. Fragm. ap. Aquil. Rom. p. 144 (187 Frotsch.): humanae linguae,

Ov. M. 11, 601.—Of frogs (with clamor), Phaedr. 1, 6, 5; Col. 10, 12. —Of the cicadæ, Phaedr. 3, 16, 3.—

In partic.

The sound of wrangling, the cry of altercation or contention:

ubi et animus ex hoc forensi strepitu reficiatur et aures convitio defessae conquiescant,

Cic. Arch. 6, 12.—

An urgent, clamorous importunity:

epistulam hanc convitio efflagitarunt codicilli tui,

Cic. Q. Fr. 2, 11, 1; imitated by Quint. Ep. ad Tryph. 1; cf. also id. ib. 4, 5, 10.—

A loud, violent disapprobation or contradiction:

omnium vestrum,

Cic. Ac. 2, 40, 125:

senatūs,

id. Pis. 26, 63.— Most freq.,

Loud, violent reproaching, abuse, reviling, insult: maledictio nihil habet propositi praeter contumeliam: quae si petulantius jactatur, convitium; si facetius urbanitas nominatur, Cic. Cael. 3, 6: Pompeius apud populum... cum pro Milone diceret, clamore convitioque jactatus est. id. Fam. 1, 5, b, 1:

cum ei magnum convitium fieret cuncto a senatu,

id. ib. 10, 16, 1:

alicui convitium facere,

id. Att. 1, 14, 5 bis; Plaut. Merc. 2, 1, 11; Cic. Off. 3, 21, 83; Liv. 3, 48, 1; Sen. Ep. 15, 8; id. Ben. 7, 25, 2; Quint. 4, 2, 27; 6, 2, 16 al.; Hor. S. 1, 5, 11; Ov. M. 6, 210 et saep.—

Of inanim. subjects:

aurium,

censure, reproof, correction, Cic. Or. 48, 160: tacitum cogitationis, in thought, Q. Cic. ap. Cic. Fam. 16, 26, 1:

cave ne eosdem illos libellos... convicio scazontes extorqueant,

Plin. Ep. 5, 11, 2.—

Meton.

The object of reproach:

convitium tot me annos jam se pascere,

Plaut. Merc. prol. 55.—

Of mockingbirds:

nemorum convicia, picae,

Ov. M. 5, 676.

dŭbĭus, a, um, adj. [for duhibius, duohabeo, held as two or double, i. e. doubtful; cf. dubito, Corss. Ausspr. 2, 1027].

Moving in two directions alternately, vibrating to and fro, fluctuating (cf. ambiguus, anceps, incertus, perplexus, duplex).

Lit. (very rare):

ut vas non quit constare, nisi humor Destitit in dubio fluctu jactarier intus,

Lucr. 6, 556; cf.:

fluctibus dubiis volvi coeptum est mare,

Liv. 37, 16, 4.—Far more freq. and class.,

Trop., vacillating in mind, uncertain.

Wavering in opinion, doubting, doubtful, dubious, uncertain, = ambigens, haesitans, etc.:

sin est is homo, anni multi me dubiam dant,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 17:

quae res est, quae cujusquam animum in hac causa dubium facere possit?

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10.— With an interrog. clause, A. and S. Gr. §

213 R. 4 (1.): temptat dubiam mentem rationis egestas, ecquae nam fuerit mundi genitalis origo,

Lucr. 5, 1211; cf.:

equites procul visi ab dubiis, quinam essent,

Liv. 4, 40:

dubius sum, quid faciam,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 40:

dubius, unde rumperet silentium,

id. Epod. 5, 85:

spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant, Sive extrema pati,

Verg. A. 1, 218; cf. Liv. 1, 42:

Philippus non dubius, quin, etc.,

id. 31, 42:

haud dubius quin,

id. 42, 14; Curt. 5, 12.—With acc. and inf.:

dictator minime dubius, bellum cum his populis Patres jussuros,

Liv. 6, 14; so,

haud dubius,

id. 31, 24; Curt. 9, 7:

nec sum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum Quam sit,

well aware how hard it is, Verg. G. 3, 289; so,

dubius with the genitives animi, Auct. B. Alex. 56, 2: mentis,

Ov. F. 6, 572:

consilii,

Just. 2, 13:

sententiae,

Liv. 33, 25 Drak.:

salutis,

Ov. M. 15, 438:

vitae,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 25:

fati,

Luc. 7, 611 al.; cf. Zumpt, Gr. § 437; A. and S. Gr. § 213 R. 1 ( a.).—

Wavering in resolution, irresolute, undecided (very rare):

dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha incolumes transeunt,

Sall. J. 107, 6; cf.

hostes (opp. firmi),

id. ib. 51 fin.:

nutantes ac dubiae civitates,

Suet. Caes. 4 fin.:

quid faciat dubius,

Ov. M. 8, 441.— Poet. transf.:

cuspis,

Sil. 4, 188.—

Pass., that is doubted of, uncertain, doubtful, dubious, undetermined (so most freq. in all periods and kinds of composition):

videsne igitur, quae dubia sint, ea sumi pro certis atque concessis?

Cic. Div. 2, 51, 106; cf. id. ib. 2, 50 fin.; id. Fin. 4, 24, 67; id. de Or. 1, 20, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; Quint. 3, 4, 8; 7, 8, 6:

nihil aegrius est quam res secernere apertas Ab dubiis,

Lucr. 4, 468 (cf. verba, vague language, opp. aperta, Quint. 7, 2, 48):

jus, opp. certum,

id. 12, 3, 6;

opp. confessum,

id. 7, 7, 7:

in regno, ubi ne obscura quidem est aut dubia servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 31:

dubium vel anceps genus causarum,

Quint. 4, 1, 40; cf. id. 9, 2, 69: dubii variique casus, Auct. ap. Cic. Clu. 21, 58:

et incerta societas,

Suet. Aug. 17 et saep.:

quia sciebam dubiam esse fortunam scenicam, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 8: salus (opp. aperta pernicies),

Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 69:

spes pacis,

id. Att. 8, 13:

victoria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 80, 6; cf.:

victoria, praeda, laus,

Sall. J. 85, 48:

Marte,

Vell. 2, 55, 3:

spes armorum,

id. 2, 71:

discrimen pugnae,

indecisive, Sil. 5, 519:

proelia,

Tac. G. 6:

auctor,

unknown, Ov. M. 12, 61 et saep.:

an auspicia repetenda, ne quid dubiis diis agerem?

i. e. unassured of their favor, Liv. 8, 32:

dubii socii suspensaeque ex fortuna fidei (opp. fideles socii and certi hostes),

id. 44, 18; cf. Caes. B. C. 1, 3, 5:

Hispaniae,

Tac. A. 3, 44; cf.:

gens dubiae ad id voluntatis,

Liv. 9, 15:

lux,

i. e. morning twilight, dawn, Ov. M. 11, 596:

sidera,

Juv. 5, 22; cf.

nox,

evening twilight, Ov. M. 4, 401:

caelum,

i. e. over cast, Verg. G. 1, 252:

fulgor solis,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 670; cf.:

et quasi languidus dies,

Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 6:

dubiāque tegens lanugine malas,

i. e. between down and a beard, Ov. M. 9, 398; 13, 754; cf.:

dubia lanuginis umbra, Claud. Epith. Pall. et Cel. 42: vina,

not sure to ripen, Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 319:

consilia,

wavering, Tac. Agr. 18 et saep.:

hunc annum sequitur annus haud dubiis consulibus (shortly thereafter the contrary: Papirius Semproniusque, quorum de consulatu dubitabatur),

Liv. 4, 8; so,

haud dubius praetor,

id. 39, 39 fin.:

haud dubii hostes,

open enemies, id. 37, 49:

haud dubii Galli (opp. degeneres, mixti, Gallograeci vere),

id. 38, 17: cena dubia, see below, II.—

In the neutr. absol.

(Non, haud) dubium est, it is ( not, not at all) doubtful, uncertain, undecided. (aa) Absol.:

si quid erit dubium,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 40:

haud dubium id quidem est,

id. Poen. 3, 4, 27; Ter. And. 2, 3, 25; cf.

in the interrog.: o! dubiumne id est?

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 49; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 46; id. Phorm. 5, 2, 9; and with the dat.:

an dubium id tibi est?

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 38; Cic. Fam. 4, 15.—(bb) With de:

de Pompeii exitu mihi dubium numquam fuit,

Cic. Att. 11, 6, 5; so,

de eorum jure,

id. de Or. 1, 57:

de re,

Quint. 7, 3, 4; cf. id. 7, 6, 3.—(ng) With an interrog. clause:

illud dubium (est), ad id, quod summum bonum dicitis, ecquaenam fieri possit accessio,

Cic. Fin. 4, 24, 67; cf. Quint. 7, 9, 12:

hoc ergo, credo, dubium est, uter nostrum sit verecundior,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 126:

hoc enim dubium est, utrum... an,

Quint. 6, 3, 83:

Ambiorix copias suas judicione non conduxerit... an tempore exclusus, dubium est,

Caes. B. G. 6, 31, 1:

an dubium vobis fuit inesse vis aliqua videretur necne?

Cic. Caecin. 11, 31 et saep.—Since the Aug. per. freq. dubium, absol. and adv.:

codicilli, dubium ad quem scripti,

Quint. 7, 2, 52:

quo postquam dubium pius an sceleratus, Orestes venerat,

Ov. Tr. 4, 4, 69; Suet. Caes. 58; id. Aug. 28; id. Tib. 10; Flor. 1, 1, 12; 2, 14, 3:

Erechtheus, Justitiā dubium validisne potentior armis,

Ov. M. 6, 678; cf. id. Pont. 3, 1, 17:

neque multo post exstincto Maximo, dubium an quaesita morte,

Tac. A. 1, 5; Flor. 1, 1, 8; 4, 2, 91 al.—(dd) Non dubium est quin uxorem nolit filius, Ter. And. 1, 2, 1; id. Eun. 5, 6, 27; Cic. de Or. 2, 8, 32; id. Att. 13, 45; Quint. 11, 2, 10 et saep.:

haud dubium est, quin,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 17; 3, 2, 50; id. Ad. 5, 9, 19;

and interrog.,

Quint. 3, 2, 1; 10, 1, 5. —(ee) With acc. and inf.:

periisso me una haud dubium est,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 46; so Liv. 38, 6; Suet. Caes. 52 fin.; cf.

interrog.: an dubium tibi est, eam esse hanc?

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 9.—Ellipt.:

si exploratum tibi sit posse te, etc., non esse cunctandum: si dubium sit, non esse conandum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 5.—

Dubium habere, to regard as uncertain, to doubt:

an tu dubium habebis, etiam sancte quom jurem tibi?

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 112:

an dubium habetis, num obficere quid vobis possit? etc.,

Sall. H. Fragm. III. 61, 8 Dietsch; cf.:

haec habere dubia, neque, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 9 fin. —

In dubium:

in dubium vocare,

to call in question, Cic. de Or. 2, 34; cf.: illud me dixisse nemo vocabit in dubium, Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 5. Vid. also under 3. b.:

venire in dubium,

Cic. Quint. 2; id. ib. 21, 67; Liv. 3, 13; cf.:

alii non veniunt in dubium de voluntate,

i. e. there is no doubt what their wish is, Cic. Att. 11, 15, 2. Vid. also under 3. b.—

In dubio, in doubt, in question, undetermined:

dum in dubio est animus,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; cf. Luc. 7, 247:

in dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum esset, etc.,

Lucr. 3, 836; cf. id. 1085; Quint. 7, 9, 9:

aestate potius quam hieme dandum, non est in dubio,

Plin. 25, 5, 24, § 59 et saep.:

ut in dubio poneret, utrum... an, etc.,

Liv. 34, 5. Vid. also 3. b.—

Sine dubio, without doubt, doubtless, indisputably, certainly (very freq.; in Cic. more than twenty times; not in Caes. and Sall.): Th. Numquid dubitas quin? etc. Gn. Sine dubio, opinor, Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 14; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2; 47; id. Cat. 2, 1; id. Balb. 24, 55; id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18; id. Off. 1, 29, 102; id. N. D. 1, 9, 23; id. Att. 1, 19, 2 et saep. Vid. the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 134 sq. Sometimes, esp. in Quint., with adversative particles: sed, verum, at, etc., no doubt, doubtless... but, yet, etc.: cum te togatis omnibus sine dubio anteferret... sed, etc.. Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 58; so with sed, id. de Or, 3, 57; Quint. 1, 6, 38; 5, 10, 53; 6, 3, 64;

with sed tamen,

id. 12, 6, 7;

with tamen,

id. 3, 8, 21; 5, 7, 28; 6, 4, 12;

with verum,

id. 8 prooem. § 33;

with at,

id. 8, 3, 67;

with autem,

id. 1, 6, 12 Spald.—

Procul dubio, beyond question, undoubtedly (very rare), Lucr. 3, 638; Liv. 39, 40 fin.; Plin. 18, 21, 50, § 187; and:

dubio procul,

Lucr. 1, 812; 2, 261.—

Meton., like anceps (4), doubtful, dubious, i. e. precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult (freq. but mostly poet.):

res dubias, egenas, inopiosas consili,

critical condition, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 2; so,

res,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 46; id. Most. 5, 1, 1; Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; id. J. 14, 5; Liv. 2, 50 fin.; Tac. A. 2, 62; Verg. A. 6, 196; 11, 445 al.; cf.

pericla (with advorsae res),

Lucr. 3, 55; 1076:

tempora (opp. secunda),

Hor. C. 4, 9, 36:

mons erat ascensu dubius,

Prop. 4, 4, 83; cf.:

quae (loca) dubia nisu videbantur,

Sall. J. 94, 2.—

In the neutr. absol. (i. q. discrimen, II. B. 2, and periculum):

mea quidem hercle certe in dubio vita est,

is in danger, Ter. And. 2, 2, 10 Ruhnk.; Sall. C. 52, 6; cf. Ov. Am. 2, 13, 2:

sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium non devocaturum,

Caes. B. G. 6, 7, 6; cf. Cic. Caecin. 27, 76:

tua fama et gnatae vita in dubium veniet,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 42; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 35; Ov. H. 16, 138 Loers.— Plur. as subst.:

hinc Italae gentes in dubiis responsa petunt,

Verg. A. 7, 86:

mens dubiis percussa pavet,

Luc. 6, 596.

For the syn. varius, manifold, various (only in the foll. passages): o multimodis variūm et dubiūm et prosperūm copem diem, Pac. ap. Non. 84, 23 (Trag. Rel. p. 115, ed. Rib.). And so prob. is to be explained dubia cena, a multifarious, richly provided supper, Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 28 (for the subjoined explanation of Terence: ubi tu dubites, quid sumas potissimum, is only outwardly adapted to the meaning of dubius); so,

dubia cena,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 77; and:

fercula dubiae cenae,

Aus. Mos. 102; Hier. Ep. 22, no. 16.—Hence, adv., in two forms.

dŭbĭe (acc. to I. B. 1.), doubtfully, dubiously (not in Plaut., Ter., or Caes.):

potest accidere, ut aliquod signum dubie datum pro certo sit acceptum,

Cic. Div. 1, 55.—Esp. freq. (particularly since the Aug. per.) with negatives: haud (rarely non) dubie, undoubtedly, indisputably, positively, certainly:

etsi non dubie mihi nuntiabatur Parthos transisse Euphratem, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 15, 1 (nowhere else as an adv. in Cic.):

non dubie,

Quint. 7, 2, 6; 9, 4, 67; Front. Strat. 2, 3, 16; and with sed (cf. dubius, I. B. 2. b. e), Quint. 11, 2, 1; so,

too, nec dubie,

Liv. 2, 23 fin.; Quint. 2, 14, 2;

and with verum,

id. 3, 4, 1;

with sed,

Tac. A. 4, 19 fin.: haud dubie jam victor, [p. 615] Sall. J. 102, 1 (cf. on the contrary in Cic.: sine ulla dubitatione hostis, Phil. 14, 4, 10; cf. Liv. 3, 38; Cic. Cat. 4, 3, 5); so,

haud dubie,

Liv. 1, 9; 13; 3, 24; 38; 53; 4, 2; 23; 5, 10 fin.; 33 fin.; 49 fin. et saep. (about 70 times; see the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 138); Quint. 10, 1, 85; Tac. A. 2, 43; 88; id. H. 1, 7; 46; 72; 3, 86; 4, 27 fin.; 80; id. G. 28; Suet. Caes. 55; id. Calig. 9; id. Galb. 2; Vulg. Lev. 13, 43.—

dubio = dubie, App. M. 9, 2.

dŭbĭus, a, um, adj. [for duhibius, duohabeo, held as two or double, i. e. doubtful; cf. dubito, Corss. Ausspr. 2, 1027].

Moving in two directions alternately, vibrating to and fro, fluctuating (cf. ambiguus, anceps, incertus, perplexus, duplex).

Lit. (very rare):

ut vas non quit constare, nisi humor Destitit in dubio fluctu jactarier intus,

Lucr. 6, 556; cf.:

fluctibus dubiis volvi coeptum est mare,

Liv. 37, 16, 4.—Far more freq. and class.,

Trop., vacillating in mind, uncertain.

Wavering in opinion, doubting, doubtful, dubious, uncertain, = ambigens, haesitans, etc.:

sin est is homo, anni multi me dubiam dant,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 17:

quae res est, quae cujusquam animum in hac causa dubium facere possit?

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10.— With an interrog. clause, A. and S. Gr. §

213 R. 4 (1.): temptat dubiam mentem rationis egestas, ecquae nam fuerit mundi genitalis origo,

Lucr. 5, 1211; cf.:

equites procul visi ab dubiis, quinam essent,

Liv. 4, 40:

dubius sum, quid faciam,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 40:

dubius, unde rumperet silentium,

id. Epod. 5, 85:

spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant, Sive extrema pati,

Verg. A. 1, 218; cf. Liv. 1, 42:

Philippus non dubius, quin, etc.,

id. 31, 42:

haud dubius quin,

id. 42, 14; Curt. 5, 12.—With acc. and inf.:

dictator minime dubius, bellum cum his populis Patres jussuros,

Liv. 6, 14; so,

haud dubius,

id. 31, 24; Curt. 9, 7:

nec sum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum Quam sit,

well aware how hard it is, Verg. G. 3, 289; so,

dubius with the genitives animi, Auct. B. Alex. 56, 2: mentis,

Ov. F. 6, 572:

consilii,

Just. 2, 13:

sententiae,

Liv. 33, 25 Drak.:

salutis,

Ov. M. 15, 438:

vitae,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 25:

fati,

Luc. 7, 611 al.; cf. Zumpt, Gr. § 437; A. and S. Gr. § 213 R. 1 ( a.).—

Wavering in resolution, irresolute, undecided (very rare):

dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha incolumes transeunt,

Sall. J. 107, 6; cf.

hostes (opp. firmi),

id. ib. 51 fin.:

nutantes ac dubiae civitates,

Suet. Caes. 4 fin.:

quid faciat dubius,

Ov. M. 8, 441.— Poet. transf.:

cuspis,

Sil. 4, 188.—

Pass., that is doubted of, uncertain, doubtful, dubious, undetermined (so most freq. in all periods and kinds of composition):

videsne igitur, quae dubia sint, ea sumi pro certis atque concessis?

Cic. Div. 2, 51, 106; cf. id. ib. 2, 50 fin.; id. Fin. 4, 24, 67; id. de Or. 1, 20, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; Quint. 3, 4, 8; 7, 8, 6:

nihil aegrius est quam res secernere apertas Ab dubiis,

Lucr. 4, 468 (cf. verba, vague language, opp. aperta, Quint. 7, 2, 48):

jus, opp. certum,

id. 12, 3, 6;

opp. confessum,

id. 7, 7, 7:

in regno, ubi ne obscura quidem est aut dubia servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 31:

dubium vel anceps genus causarum,

Quint. 4, 1, 40; cf. id. 9, 2, 69: dubii variique casus, Auct. ap. Cic. Clu. 21, 58:

et incerta societas,

Suet. Aug. 17 et saep.:

quia sciebam dubiam esse fortunam scenicam, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 8: salus (opp. aperta pernicies),

Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 69:

spes pacis,

id. Att. 8, 13:

victoria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 80, 6; cf.:

victoria, praeda, laus,

Sall. J. 85, 48:

Marte,

Vell. 2, 55, 3:

spes armorum,

id. 2, 71:

discrimen pugnae,

indecisive, Sil. 5, 519:

proelia,

Tac. G. 6:

auctor,

unknown, Ov. M. 12, 61 et saep.:

an auspicia repetenda, ne quid dubiis diis agerem?

i. e. unassured of their favor, Liv. 8, 32:

dubii socii suspensaeque ex fortuna fidei (opp. fideles socii and certi hostes),

id. 44, 18; cf. Caes. B. C. 1, 3, 5:

Hispaniae,

Tac. A. 3, 44; cf.:

gens dubiae ad id voluntatis,

Liv. 9, 15:

lux,

i. e. morning twilight, dawn, Ov. M. 11, 596:

sidera,

Juv. 5, 22; cf.

nox,

evening twilight, Ov. M. 4, 401:

caelum,

i. e. over cast, Verg. G. 1, 252:

fulgor solis,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 670; cf.:

et quasi languidus dies,

Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 6:

dubiāque tegens lanugine malas,

i. e. between down and a beard, Ov. M. 9, 398; 13, 754; cf.:

dubia lanuginis umbra, Claud. Epith. Pall. et Cel. 42: vina,

not sure to ripen, Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 319:

consilia,

wavering, Tac. Agr. 18 et saep.:

hunc annum sequitur annus haud dubiis consulibus (shortly thereafter the contrary: Papirius Semproniusque, quorum de consulatu dubitabatur),

Liv. 4, 8; so,

haud dubius praetor,

id. 39, 39 fin.:

haud dubii hostes,

open enemies, id. 37, 49:

haud dubii Galli (opp. degeneres, mixti, Gallograeci vere),

id. 38, 17: cena dubia, see below, II.—

In the neutr. absol.

(Non, haud) dubium est, it is ( not, not at all) doubtful, uncertain, undecided. (aa) Absol.:

si quid erit dubium,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 40:

haud dubium id quidem est,

id. Poen. 3, 4, 27; Ter. And. 2, 3, 25; cf.

in the interrog.: o! dubiumne id est?

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 49; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 46; id. Phorm. 5, 2, 9; and with the dat.:

an dubium id tibi est?

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 38; Cic. Fam. 4, 15.—(bb) With de:

de Pompeii exitu mihi dubium numquam fuit,

Cic. Att. 11, 6, 5; so,

de eorum jure,

id. de Or. 1, 57:

de re,

Quint. 7, 3, 4; cf. id. 7, 6, 3.—(ng) With an interrog. clause:

illud dubium (est), ad id, quod summum bonum dicitis, ecquaenam fieri possit accessio,

Cic. Fin. 4, 24, 67; cf. Quint. 7, 9, 12:

hoc ergo, credo, dubium est, uter nostrum sit verecundior,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 126:

hoc enim dubium est, utrum... an,

Quint. 6, 3, 83:

Ambiorix copias suas judicione non conduxerit... an tempore exclusus, dubium est,

Caes. B. G. 6, 31, 1:

an dubium vobis fuit inesse vis aliqua videretur necne?

Cic. Caecin. 11, 31 et saep.—Since the Aug. per. freq. dubium, absol. and adv.:

codicilli, dubium ad quem scripti,

Quint. 7, 2, 52:

quo postquam dubium pius an sceleratus, Orestes venerat,

Ov. Tr. 4, 4, 69; Suet. Caes. 58; id. Aug. 28; id. Tib. 10; Flor. 1, 1, 12; 2, 14, 3:

Erechtheus, Justitiā dubium validisne potentior armis,

Ov. M. 6, 678; cf. id. Pont. 3, 1, 17:

neque multo post exstincto Maximo, dubium an quaesita morte,

Tac. A. 1, 5; Flor. 1, 1, 8; 4, 2, 91 al.—(dd) Non dubium est quin uxorem nolit filius, Ter. And. 1, 2, 1; id. Eun. 5, 6, 27; Cic. de Or. 2, 8, 32; id. Att. 13, 45; Quint. 11, 2, 10 et saep.:

haud dubium est, quin,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 17; 3, 2, 50; id. Ad. 5, 9, 19;

and interrog.,

Quint. 3, 2, 1; 10, 1, 5. —(ee) With acc. and inf.:

periisso me una haud dubium est,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 46; so Liv. 38, 6; Suet. Caes. 52 fin.; cf.

interrog.: an dubium tibi est, eam esse hanc?

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 9.—Ellipt.:

si exploratum tibi sit posse te, etc., non esse cunctandum: si dubium sit, non esse conandum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 5.—

Dubium habere, to regard as uncertain, to doubt:

an tu dubium habebis, etiam sancte quom jurem tibi?

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 112:

an dubium habetis, num obficere quid vobis possit? etc.,

Sall. H. Fragm. III. 61, 8 Dietsch; cf.:

haec habere dubia, neque, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 9 fin. —

In dubium:

in dubium vocare,

to call in question, Cic. de Or. 2, 34; cf.: illud me dixisse nemo vocabit in dubium, Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 5. Vid. also under 3. b.:

venire in dubium,

Cic. Quint. 2; id. ib. 21, 67; Liv. 3, 13; cf.:

alii non veniunt in dubium de voluntate,

i. e. there is no doubt what their wish is, Cic. Att. 11, 15, 2. Vid. also under 3. b.—

In dubio, in doubt, in question, undetermined:

dum in dubio est animus,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; cf. Luc. 7, 247:

in dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum esset, etc.,

Lucr. 3, 836; cf. id. 1085; Quint. 7, 9, 9:

aestate potius quam hieme dandum, non est in dubio,

Plin. 25, 5, 24, § 59 et saep.:

ut in dubio poneret, utrum... an, etc.,

Liv. 34, 5. Vid. also 3. b.—

Sine dubio, without doubt, doubtless, indisputably, certainly (very freq.; in Cic. more than twenty times; not in Caes. and Sall.): Th. Numquid dubitas quin? etc. Gn. Sine dubio, opinor, Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 14; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2; 47; id. Cat. 2, 1; id. Balb. 24, 55; id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18; id. Off. 1, 29, 102; id. N. D. 1, 9, 23; id. Att. 1, 19, 2 et saep. Vid. the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 134 sq. Sometimes, esp. in Quint., with adversative particles: sed, verum, at, etc., no doubt, doubtless... but, yet, etc.: cum te togatis omnibus sine dubio anteferret... sed, etc.. Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 58; so with sed, id. de Or, 3, 57; Quint. 1, 6, 38; 5, 10, 53; 6, 3, 64;

with sed tamen,

id. 12, 6, 7;

with tamen,

id. 3, 8, 21; 5, 7, 28; 6, 4, 12;

with verum,

id. 8 prooem. § 33;

with at,

id. 8, 3, 67;

with autem,

id. 1, 6, 12 Spald.—

Procul dubio, beyond question, undoubtedly (very rare), Lucr. 3, 638; Liv. 39, 40 fin.; Plin. 18, 21, 50, § 187; and:

dubio procul,

Lucr. 1, 812; 2, 261.—

Meton., like anceps (4), doubtful, dubious, i. e. precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult (freq. but mostly poet.):

res dubias, egenas, inopiosas consili,

critical condition, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 2; so,

res,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 46; id. Most. 5, 1, 1; Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; id. J. 14, 5; Liv. 2, 50 fin.; Tac. A. 2, 62; Verg. A. 6, 196; 11, 445 al.; cf.

pericla (with advorsae res),

Lucr. 3, 55; 1076:

tempora (opp. secunda),

Hor. C. 4, 9, 36:

mons erat ascensu dubius,

Prop. 4, 4, 83; cf.:

quae (loca) dubia nisu videbantur,

Sall. J. 94, 2.—

In the neutr. absol. (i. q. discrimen, II. B. 2, and periculum):

mea quidem hercle certe in dubio vita est,

is in danger, Ter. And. 2, 2, 10 Ruhnk.; Sall. C. 52, 6; cf. Ov. Am. 2, 13, 2:

sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium non devocaturum,

Caes. B. G. 6, 7, 6; cf. Cic. Caecin. 27, 76:

tua fama et gnatae vita in dubium veniet,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 42; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 35; Ov. H. 16, 138 Loers.— Plur. as subst.:

hinc Italae gentes in dubiis responsa petunt,

Verg. A. 7, 86:

mens dubiis percussa pavet,

Luc. 6, 596.

For the syn. varius, manifold, various (only in the foll. passages): o multimodis variūm et dubiūm et prosperūm copem diem, Pac. ap. Non. 84, 23 (Trag. Rel. p. 115, ed. Rib.). And so prob. is to be explained dubia cena, a multifarious, richly provided supper, Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 28 (for the subjoined explanation of Terence: ubi tu dubites, quid sumas potissimum, is only outwardly adapted to the meaning of dubius); so,

dubia cena,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 77; and:

fercula dubiae cenae,

Aus. Mos. 102; Hier. Ep. 22, no. 16.—Hence, adv., in two forms.

dŭbĭe (acc. to I. B. 1.), doubtfully, dubiously (not in Plaut., Ter., or Caes.):

potest accidere, ut aliquod signum dubie datum pro certo sit acceptum,

Cic. Div. 1, 55.—Esp. freq. (particularly since the Aug. per.) with negatives: haud (rarely non) dubie, undoubtedly, indisputably, positively, certainly:

etsi non dubie mihi nuntiabatur Parthos transisse Euphratem, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 15, 1 (nowhere else as an adv. in Cic.):

non dubie,

Quint. 7, 2, 6; 9, 4, 67; Front. Strat. 2, 3, 16; and with sed (cf. dubius, I. B. 2. b. e), Quint. 11, 2, 1; so,

too, nec dubie,

Liv. 2, 23 fin.; Quint. 2, 14, 2;

and with verum,

id. 3, 4, 1;

with sed,

Tac. A. 4, 19 fin.: haud dubie jam victor, [p. 615] Sall. J. 102, 1 (cf. on the contrary in Cic.: sine ulla dubitatione hostis, Phil. 14, 4, 10; cf. Liv. 3, 38; Cic. Cat. 4, 3, 5); so,

haud dubie,

Liv. 1, 9; 13; 3, 24; 38; 53; 4, 2; 23; 5, 10 fin.; 33 fin.; 49 fin. et saep. (about 70 times; see the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 138); Quint. 10, 1, 85; Tac. A. 2, 43; 88; id. H. 1, 7; 46; 72; 3, 86; 4, 27 fin.; 80; id. G. 28; Suet. Caes. 55; id. Calig. 9; id. Galb. 2; Vulg. Lev. 13, 43.—

dubio = dubie, App. M. 9, 2.

dŭbĭus, a, um, adj. [for duhibius, duohabeo, held as two or double, i. e. doubtful; cf. dubito, Corss. Ausspr. 2, 1027].

Moving in two directions alternately, vibrating to and fro, fluctuating (cf. ambiguus, anceps, incertus, perplexus, duplex).

Lit. (very rare):

ut vas non quit constare, nisi humor Destitit in dubio fluctu jactarier intus,

Lucr. 6, 556; cf.:

fluctibus dubiis volvi coeptum est mare,

Liv. 37, 16, 4.—Far more freq. and class.,

Trop., vacillating in mind, uncertain.

Wavering in opinion, doubting, doubtful, dubious, uncertain, = ambigens, haesitans, etc.:

sin est is homo, anni multi me dubiam dant,

Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 17:

quae res est, quae cujusquam animum in hac causa dubium facere possit?

Cic. de Imp. Pomp. 10.— With an interrog. clause, A. and S. Gr. §

213 R. 4 (1.): temptat dubiam mentem rationis egestas, ecquae nam fuerit mundi genitalis origo,

Lucr. 5, 1211; cf.:

equites procul visi ab dubiis, quinam essent,

Liv. 4, 40:

dubius sum, quid faciam,

Hor. S. 1, 9, 40:

dubius, unde rumperet silentium,

id. Epod. 5, 85:

spemque metumque inter dubii, seu vivere credant, Sive extrema pati,

Verg. A. 1, 218; cf. Liv. 1, 42:

Philippus non dubius, quin, etc.,

id. 31, 42:

haud dubius quin,

id. 42, 14; Curt. 5, 12.—With acc. and inf.:

dictator minime dubius, bellum cum his populis Patres jussuros,

Liv. 6, 14; so,

haud dubius,

id. 31, 24; Curt. 9, 7:

nec sum animi dubius, verbis ea vincere magnum Quam sit,

well aware how hard it is, Verg. G. 3, 289; so,

dubius with the genitives animi, Auct. B. Alex. 56, 2: mentis,

Ov. F. 6, 572:

consilii,

Just. 2, 13:

sententiae,

Liv. 33, 25 Drak.:

salutis,

Ov. M. 15, 438:

vitae,

id. Tr. 3, 3, 25:

fati,

Luc. 7, 611 al.; cf. Zumpt, Gr. § 437; A. and S. Gr. § 213 R. 1 ( a.).—

Wavering in resolution, irresolute, undecided (very rare):

dubio atque haesitante Jugurtha incolumes transeunt,

Sall. J. 107, 6; cf.

hostes (opp. firmi),

id. ib. 51 fin.:

nutantes ac dubiae civitates,

Suet. Caes. 4 fin.:

quid faciat dubius,

Ov. M. 8, 441.— Poet. transf.:

cuspis,

Sil. 4, 188.—

Pass., that is doubted of, uncertain, doubtful, dubious, undetermined (so most freq. in all periods and kinds of composition):

videsne igitur, quae dubia sint, ea sumi pro certis atque concessis?

Cic. Div. 2, 51, 106; cf. id. ib. 2, 50 fin.; id. Fin. 4, 24, 67; id. de Or. 1, 20, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; Quint. 3, 4, 8; 7, 8, 6:

nihil aegrius est quam res secernere apertas Ab dubiis,

Lucr. 4, 468 (cf. verba, vague language, opp. aperta, Quint. 7, 2, 48):

jus, opp. certum,

id. 12, 3, 6;

opp. confessum,

id. 7, 7, 7:

in regno, ubi ne obscura quidem est aut dubia servitus,

Cic. Rep. 1, 31:

dubium vel anceps genus causarum,

Quint. 4, 1, 40; cf. id. 9, 2, 69: dubii variique casus, Auct. ap. Cic. Clu. 21, 58:

et incerta societas,

Suet. Aug. 17 et saep.:

quia sciebam dubiam esse fortunam scenicam, Ter. Hec. prol. alt. 8: salus (opp. aperta pernicies),

Cic. N. D. 3, 27, 69:

spes pacis,

id. Att. 8, 13:

victoria,

Caes. B. G. 7, 80, 6; cf.:

victoria, praeda, laus,

Sall. J. 85, 48:

Marte,

Vell. 2, 55, 3:

spes armorum,

id. 2, 71:

discrimen pugnae,

indecisive, Sil. 5, 519:

proelia,

Tac. G. 6:

auctor,

unknown, Ov. M. 12, 61 et saep.:

an auspicia repetenda, ne quid dubiis diis agerem?

i. e. unassured of their favor, Liv. 8, 32:

dubii socii suspensaeque ex fortuna fidei (opp. fideles socii and certi hostes),

id. 44, 18; cf. Caes. B. C. 1, 3, 5:

Hispaniae,

Tac. A. 3, 44; cf.:

gens dubiae ad id voluntatis,

Liv. 9, 15:

lux,

i. e. morning twilight, dawn, Ov. M. 11, 596:

sidera,

Juv. 5, 22; cf.

nox,

evening twilight, Ov. M. 4, 401:

caelum,

i. e. over cast, Verg. G. 1, 252:

fulgor solis,

Sen. Herc. Fur. 670; cf.:

et quasi languidus dies,

Plin. Ep. 6, 20, 6:

dubiāque tegens lanugine malas,

i. e. between down and a beard, Ov. M. 9, 398; 13, 754; cf.:

dubia lanuginis umbra, Claud. Epith. Pall. et Cel. 42: vina,

not sure to ripen, Plin. 18, 31, 74, § 319:

consilia,

wavering, Tac. Agr. 18 et saep.:

hunc annum sequitur annus haud dubiis consulibus (shortly thereafter the contrary: Papirius Semproniusque, quorum de consulatu dubitabatur),

Liv. 4, 8; so,

haud dubius praetor,

id. 39, 39 fin.:

haud dubii hostes,

open enemies, id. 37, 49:

haud dubii Galli (opp. degeneres, mixti, Gallograeci vere),

id. 38, 17: cena dubia, see below, II.—

In the neutr. absol.

(Non, haud) dubium est, it is ( not, not at all) doubtful, uncertain, undecided. (aa) Absol.:

si quid erit dubium,

Plaut. Ep. 5, 1, 40:

haud dubium id quidem est,

id. Poen. 3, 4, 27; Ter. And. 2, 3, 25; cf.

in the interrog.: o! dubiumne id est?

Ter. Eun. 1, 2, 49; id. Heaut. 3, 3, 46; id. Phorm. 5, 2, 9; and with the dat.:

an dubium id tibi est?

Ter. Heaut. 5, 1, 38; Cic. Fam. 4, 15.—(bb) With de:

de Pompeii exitu mihi dubium numquam fuit,

Cic. Att. 11, 6, 5; so,

de eorum jure,

id. de Or. 1, 57:

de re,

Quint. 7, 3, 4; cf. id. 7, 6, 3.—(ng) With an interrog. clause:

illud dubium (est), ad id, quod summum bonum dicitis, ecquaenam fieri possit accessio,

Cic. Fin. 4, 24, 67; cf. Quint. 7, 9, 12:

hoc ergo, credo, dubium est, uter nostrum sit verecundior,

Cic. Ac. 2, 41, 126:

hoc enim dubium est, utrum... an,

Quint. 6, 3, 83:

Ambiorix copias suas judicione non conduxerit... an tempore exclusus, dubium est,

Caes. B. G. 6, 31, 1:

an dubium vobis fuit inesse vis aliqua videretur necne?

Cic. Caecin. 11, 31 et saep.—Since the Aug. per. freq. dubium, absol. and adv.:

codicilli, dubium ad quem scripti,

Quint. 7, 2, 52:

quo postquam dubium pius an sceleratus, Orestes venerat,

Ov. Tr. 4, 4, 69; Suet. Caes. 58; id. Aug. 28; id. Tib. 10; Flor. 1, 1, 12; 2, 14, 3:

Erechtheus, Justitiā dubium validisne potentior armis,

Ov. M. 6, 678; cf. id. Pont. 3, 1, 17:

neque multo post exstincto Maximo, dubium an quaesita morte,

Tac. A. 1, 5; Flor. 1, 1, 8; 4, 2, 91 al.—(dd) Non dubium est quin uxorem nolit filius, Ter. And. 1, 2, 1; id. Eun. 5, 6, 27; Cic. de Or. 2, 8, 32; id. Att. 13, 45; Quint. 11, 2, 10 et saep.:

haud dubium est, quin,

Ter. And. 2, 3, 17; 3, 2, 50; id. Ad. 5, 9, 19;

and interrog.,

Quint. 3, 2, 1; 10, 1, 5. —(ee) With acc. and inf.:

periisso me una haud dubium est,

Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 46; so Liv. 38, 6; Suet. Caes. 52 fin.; cf.

interrog.: an dubium tibi est, eam esse hanc?

Plaut. Mil. 2, 5, 9.—Ellipt.:

si exploratum tibi sit posse te, etc., non esse cunctandum: si dubium sit, non esse conandum,

Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 5.—

Dubium habere, to regard as uncertain, to doubt:

an tu dubium habebis, etiam sancte quom jurem tibi?

Plaut. Capt. 4, 2, 112:

an dubium habetis, num obficere quid vobis possit? etc.,

Sall. H. Fragm. III. 61, 8 Dietsch; cf.:

haec habere dubia, neque, etc.,

Cic. Ac. 2, 9 fin. —

In dubium:

in dubium vocare,

to call in question, Cic. de Or. 2, 34; cf.: illud me dixisse nemo vocabit in dubium, Asin. Pollio ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 31, 5. Vid. also under 3. b.:

venire in dubium,

Cic. Quint. 2; id. ib. 21, 67; Liv. 3, 13; cf.:

alii non veniunt in dubium de voluntate,

i. e. there is no doubt what their wish is, Cic. Att. 11, 15, 2. Vid. also under 3. b.—

In dubio, in doubt, in question, undetermined:

dum in dubio est animus,

Ter. And. 1, 5, 31; cf. Luc. 7, 247:

in dubioque fuere utrorum ad regna cadendum esset, etc.,

Lucr. 3, 836; cf. id. 1085; Quint. 7, 9, 9:

aestate potius quam hieme dandum, non est in dubio,

Plin. 25, 5, 24, § 59 et saep.:

ut in dubio poneret, utrum... an, etc.,

Liv. 34, 5. Vid. also 3. b.—

Sine dubio, without doubt, doubtless, indisputably, certainly (very freq.; in Cic. more than twenty times; not in Caes. and Sall.): Th. Numquid dubitas quin? etc. Gn. Sine dubio, opinor, Ter. Eun. 5, 9, 14; Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 2; 47; id. Cat. 2, 1; id. Balb. 24, 55; id. Tusc. 2, 7, 18; id. Off. 1, 29, 102; id. N. D. 1, 9, 23; id. Att. 1, 19, 2 et saep. Vid. the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 134 sq. Sometimes, esp. in Quint., with adversative particles: sed, verum, at, etc., no doubt, doubtless... but, yet, etc.: cum te togatis omnibus sine dubio anteferret... sed, etc.. Cic. N. D. 1, 21, 58; so with sed, id. de Or, 3, 57; Quint. 1, 6, 38; 5, 10, 53; 6, 3, 64;

with sed tamen,

id. 12, 6, 7;

with tamen,

id. 3, 8, 21; 5, 7, 28; 6, 4, 12;

with verum,

id. 8 prooem. § 33;

with at,

id. 8, 3, 67;

with autem,

id. 1, 6, 12 Spald.—

Procul dubio, beyond question, undoubtedly (very rare), Lucr. 3, 638; Liv. 39, 40 fin.; Plin. 18, 21, 50, § 187; and:

dubio procul,

Lucr. 1, 812; 2, 261.—

Meton., like anceps (4), doubtful, dubious, i. e. precarious, dangerous, critical, difficult (freq. but mostly poet.):

res dubias, egenas, inopiosas consili,

critical condition, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 2; so,

res,

id. Capt. 2, 3, 46; id. Most. 5, 1, 1; Sall. C. 10, 2; 39, 3; id. J. 14, 5; Liv. 2, 50 fin.; Tac. A. 2, 62; Verg. A. 6, 196; 11, 445 al.; cf.

pericla (with advorsae res),

Lucr. 3, 55; 1076:

tempora (opp. secunda),

Hor. C. 4, 9, 36:

mons erat ascensu dubius,

Prop. 4, 4, 83; cf.:

quae (loca) dubia nisu videbantur,

Sall. J. 94, 2.—

In the neutr. absol. (i. q. discrimen, II. B. 2, and periculum):

mea quidem hercle certe in dubio vita est,

is in danger, Ter. And. 2, 2, 10 Ruhnk.; Sall. C. 52, 6; cf. Ov. Am. 2, 13, 2:

sese suas exercitusque fortunas in dubium non devocaturum,

Caes. B. G. 6, 7, 6; cf. Cic. Caecin. 27, 76:

tua fama et gnatae vita in dubium veniet,

Ter. Ad. 3, 2, 42; cf. id. ib. 2, 2, 35; Ov. H. 16, 138 Loers.— Plur. as subst.:

hinc Italae gentes in dubiis responsa petunt,

Verg. A. 7, 86:

mens dubiis percussa pavet,

Luc. 6, 596.

For the syn. varius, manifold, various (only in the foll. passages): o multimodis variūm et dubiūm et prosperūm copem diem, Pac. ap. Non. 84, 23 (Trag. Rel. p. 115, ed. Rib.). And so prob. is to be explained dubia cena, a multifarious, richly provided supper, Ter. Ph. 2, 2, 28 (for the subjoined explanation of Terence: ubi tu dubites, quid sumas potissimum, is only outwardly adapted to the meaning of dubius); so,

dubia cena,

Hor. S. 2, 2, 77; and:

fercula dubiae cenae,

Aus. Mos. 102; Hier. Ep. 22, no. 16.—Hence, adv., in two forms.

dŭbĭe (acc. to I. B. 1.), doubtfully, dubiously (not in Plaut., Ter., or Caes.):

potest accidere, ut aliquod signum dubie datum pro certo sit acceptum,

Cic. Div. 1, 55.—Esp. freq. (particularly since the Aug. per.) with negatives: haud (rarely non) dubie, undoubtedly, indisputably, positively, certainly:

etsi non dubie mihi nuntiabatur Parthos transisse Euphratem, tamen, etc.,

Cic. Fam. 15, 1 (nowhere else as an adv. in Cic.):

non dubie,

Quint. 7, 2, 6; 9, 4, 67; Front. Strat. 2, 3, 16; and with sed (cf. dubius, I. B. 2. b. e), Quint. 11, 2, 1; so,

too, nec dubie,

Liv. 2, 23 fin.; Quint. 2, 14, 2;

and with verum,

id. 3, 4, 1;

with sed,

Tac. A. 4, 19 fin.: haud dubie jam victor, [p. 615] Sall. J. 102, 1 (cf. on the contrary in Cic.: sine ulla dubitatione hostis, Phil. 14, 4, 10; cf. Liv. 3, 38; Cic. Cat. 4, 3, 5); so,

haud dubie,

Liv. 1, 9; 13; 3, 24; 38; 53; 4, 2; 23; 5, 10 fin.; 33 fin.; 49 fin. et saep. (about 70 times; see the passages in Stuerenb. Cic. Off. p. 138); Quint. 10, 1, 85; Tac. A. 2, 43; 88; id. H. 1, 7; 46; 72; 3, 86; 4, 27 fin.; 80; id. G. 28; Suet. Caes. 55; id. Calig. 9; id. Galb. 2; Vulg. Lev. 13, 43.—

dubio = dubie, App. M. 9, 2.

ĕpistŭla (also in Cic. and ante- and post-class., ĕpistŏla, Corss. Ausspr. 2, 141; but cf. Brambach, Hülfsb. p. 35 sq. Ritschl, Opusc. 2, 493 note), ae, f., = epistolê.

In gen., a written communication, a letter, epistle (cf.:

litterae, codicilli): venio nunc ad tuas litteras, quas pluribus epistolis accepi,

Cic. Q. Fr. 3, 1, 3, § 8; Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 32; 4, 9, 83; id. Mil. 4, 6, 10 et saep.; Cic. Phil. 2, 31; id. Verr. 2, 3, 69 fin.; id. Fam. 2, 4 et saep.; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 22; Ov. H. 15, 219; 17, 1; 18, 217 et saep.:

epistolam obsignare,

Cic. Att. 8, 6, 1:

Narcissus ab epistolis,

the secretary, Suet. Claud. 28; cf. ab.—In the plur.:

epistulae (cf. litterae), of a single letter (post-class.),

Just. 1, 6, 1; 11, 12, 9; Plin. Ep. 10, 5, 1 al.; Tac. A. 1, 30; cf.:

unis aut binis epistolis,

Mamert. Grat. Act. Jul. 9, 2.—

In partic., an imperial letter or reply, stating the emperor's will as law (cf.:

rescriptum, decretum, edictum),

Just. Inst. 1, 2, 6; Front. Aq. 105 et saep.

hŏnōrārĭus, a, um, adj. [honor], of or relating to honor, done for the sake of conferring honor, honorary.

In gen.

Adj. (class.): cum essem in provincia legatus, quamplures ad praetores et consules vinum honorarium dabant: numquam accepi, ne privatus quidem, Cato ap. Isid. Orig. 20, 3:

frumentum,

Cic. Pis. 35, 86:

tumulus,

i. e. a cenotaph, Suet. Claud. 1: arbiter, i. e. one chosen out of respect by the parties themselves (opp. to one chosen by the judge), Cic. Tusc. 5, 41, 120; id. Fat. 17, 39; cf.

arbitria (opp. judicia legitima),

id. Rosc. Com. 5, 15: opera (opp. severitas judicis), id. Caecin. 2, 6:

tutor,

Dig. 23, 2, 61; 26, 7, 3: VACCA, i. e. an honorary offering (opp. to a sin-offering), Inscr. ap. Marin. Fratr. Arv. 32; 36;

41: ludi,

i. e. given by the magistrates to the people, Suet. Aug. 32; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 102 Müll.:

munus,

a post of honor, Gell. 16, 13, 6:

codicilli,

honorary letters-palent, Cod. Theod. 6, 22; Cod. Just. 3, 24, 3:

docere debitum est, delectare honorarium, permovere necessarium,

is done out of respect for the audience, voluntarily, Cic. Opt. Gen. 1, 3:

curatores honorarii, qui a praetore constituuntur,

Ulp. Fragm. 12, 1; cf. § 3.—

Subst.: hŏnōrārĭum, ĭi, n. (sc. donum), a present made on being admitted to a post of honor, a douceur, fee, honorary (post-class.): decurionatus, Traj. ap. Plin. Ep. 10, 114:

carae cognationis,

Tert. Idol. 10; Dig. 11, 6, 1:

in honorariis advocatorum ita versari judex debet, ut pro modo litis, etc.,

ib. 50, 13, 1; 26, 7, 8 al.—

In partic., in jurid. Lat., of or belonging to the prœtorian law, or law of custom (opp. to laws strictly defined by statutes):

(jus) honorarium dicitur, quod ab honore praetoris venerat,

Dig. 1, 2, 2, § 10; so,

actio,

ib. 30, 1, 28:

obligatio,

ib. 20, 1, 5:

successor,

ib. 46, 4, 13 fin. et saep.

testāmentum, i, n. [testor], the publication of a last will or testament; a will, testament (cf. codicilli).

In gen., Gell. 7 (6), 12, 1 sqq.:

testamentum est voluntatis nostrae justa sententia de eo, quod quis post mortem suam fieri velit,

Dig. 28, 1, 1:

testamentum legere... obsignare... facere,

Cic. Mil. 18, 48; id. Verr. 2, 1, 43, § 111; cf.:

testamenti factio,

id. Top. 11, 50:

testamenti factionem habere,

id. Fam. 7, 21:

testamentum conscribere,

id. Har. Resp. 20, 42:

obsignare,

id. Clu. 14, 41; Caes. B. G. 1, 39:

signare,

Quint. 4, 2, 87:

mutare,

Cic. Clu. 11, 31; Dig. 29, 6, 1:

rumpere,

Cic. de Or. 1, 57, 241; id. Caecin. 25, 72; cf.:

testamentorum ruptorum aut ratorum jura,

id. de Or. 1, 38, 173:

constat agnascendo rumpi testamentum,

id. ib. 1, 57, 241; Dig. 28, 2, 22 sqq.:

irritum facere,

Cic. Phil. 2, 42, 109:

subicere,

id. ib. 14, 3, 7; id. Par. 6, 2, 46; cf.:

testamentorum subjector,

id. Cat. 2, 4, 7:

supponere,

id. Par. 6, 1, 43; cf. id. Leg. 1, 16, 43:

testamento cavere aliquid,

id. Fin. 2, 31, 102:

testamento esse in triente,

id. Att. 7, 8, 3:

eripis hereditatem, quae venerat testamento,

id. Verr. 2, 2, 18, § 46:

cum ex testamento HS. milies relinquatur,

id. Off. 3, 24, 93:

testamenta resignare,

Hor. Ep. 1, 7, 9:

testamento aliquem adoptare,

Nep. Att. 5, 2: testamenta nuncupare, to announce or acknowledge before witnesses, Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 141; Plin. Ep. 8, 18, 5.—Concerning the three different kinds of testaments (calatis comitiis, per aes ad libram, and in procinctu), and the laws relating to wills in gen., v. Lübker, Real-Lex., s.v. Testamentum, and esp. Rein, Privatr. p. 363 sq.—

In eccl. Lat: Testamentum vetus et novum, the Old and New Testaments, cf. Lact. 4, 20, 4; Tert. adv. Marc. 1, 1:

vetus,

Vulg. 2 Cor. 3, 14:

novum,

ib. 3, 6.

trī̆plex, ĭcis (abl. regularly triplici;

triplice,

Prud. Apoth. 383; Ven. Carm. 7, 4, 12), adj. [ter-plico], threefold, triple.

Lit.

Adj.:

Plato triplicem finxit animum,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 20:

philosophandi ratio triplex,

id. Ac. 1, 5, 19: nec me pastoris Iberi Forma triplex, nec forma triplex tua, Cerbere, movit, Ov M. 9, 185: cuspis, i. e. Neptune ' s trident, id. ib. 12, 594:

mundus (because made up of sky, land, and sea),

id. ib. 12, 40:

regnum (because shared among Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto),

id. ib. 5, 368: vultus Dianae (because also Luna and Hecate;

v. triceps and triformis),

id. H. 12, 79: triplicem aciem instruere, to draw up an army in three lines or columns, to form a triple line, Caes. B. G. 1, 24; so,

acies,

id. ib. 1, 51; id. B. C. 1, 41; 1, 83 al.; cf.

comically: paravi copias duplices, triplices dolos. perfidias,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 1, 5:

vallus, Auct. B. Alex. 2, 3: murus,

Verg. A. 6, 549; Ov. F. 3, 801:

aes,

Verg. A. 10, 784; Hor. C. 1, 3, 9:

triplici stant ordine dentes,

Ov. M. 3, 34 et saep. — Poet., of three like persons or things belonging together: triplices Sorores, [p. 1901] the three sisters, i. e. the Fates, Ov. M. 8, 452;

called triplices deae,

id. ib. 2, 654; cf.:

quae ratum triplici pollice netis opus,

i. e. the finger of the three Fates, id. Ib. 76: poenarum deae triplices, i. e. the Furies, id. M, 8, 481:

Minyeïdes,

i. e. the three daughters of Minyas, id. ib. 4, 425:

greges,

three bands of Bacchantes, Prop. 3, 17 (4, 16), 24; cf.

gens,

three clans, Verg. A. 10, 202. —

trī̆plex, ĭcis, n., three times as much, a threefold portion, triple: sume tibi decies; tibi tantundem;

tibi triplex,

Hor. S. 2 3, 237; cf.:

pediti in singulos dati centeni (denarii), duplex centurioni, triplex equiti,

Liv. 45, 40, 5; 45, 43, 7:

olei veteris triplex adicitur,

Scrib. Comp. 218. —

trī̆plĭces, ĭum, m. (sc. codicilli), a writing-tablet with three leaves, Cic. Att. 13, 8, 1; Mart. 7, 72, 2; 10, 87, 6; 14, 6, 1.—

Transf., very great or strong: triplici fluctu, Sall. Fragm. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 1, 116 (id. H. 4, 23 Dietsch). — Adv.: trĭplĭcĭter, in a threefold manner, in three ways:

commutare,

Auct. Her. 4, 42, 54: l littera tripliciter sonat, Mart. Cap. 3, 54.

trī̆plex, ĭcis (abl. regularly triplici;

triplice,

Prud. Apoth. 383; Ven. Carm. 7, 4, 12), adj. [ter-plico], threefold, triple.

Lit.

Adj.:

Plato triplicem finxit animum,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 10, 20:

philosophandi ratio triplex,

id. Ac. 1, 5, 19: nec me pastoris Iberi Forma triplex, nec forma triplex tua, Cerbere, movit, Ov M. 9, 185: cuspis, i. e. Neptune ' s trident, id. ib. 12, 594:

mundus (because made up of sky, land, and sea),

id. ib. 12, 40:

regnum (because shared among Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto),

id. ib. 5, 368: vultus Dianae (because also Luna and Hecate;

v. triceps and triformis),

id. H. 12, 79: triplicem aciem instruere, to draw up an army in three lines or columns, to form a triple line, Caes. B. G. 1, 24; so,

acies,

id. ib. 1, 51; id. B. C. 1, 41; 1, 83 al.; cf.

comically: paravi copias duplices, triplices dolos. perfidias,

Plaut. Ps. 2, 1, 5:

vallus, Auct. B. Alex. 2, 3: murus,

Verg. A. 6, 549; Ov. F. 3, 801:

aes,

Verg. A. 10, 784; Hor. C. 1, 3, 9:

triplici stant ordine dentes,

Ov. M. 3, 34 et saep. — Poet., of three like persons or things belonging together: triplices Sorores, [p. 1901] the three sisters, i. e. the Fates, Ov. M. 8, 452;

called triplices deae,

id. ib. 2, 654; cf.:

quae ratum triplici pollice netis opus,

i. e. the finger of the three Fates, id. Ib. 76: poenarum deae triplices, i. e. the Furies, id. M, 8, 481:

Minyeïdes,

i. e. the three daughters of Minyas, id. ib. 4, 425:

greges,

three bands of Bacchantes, Prop. 3, 17 (4, 16), 24; cf.

gens,

three clans, Verg. A. 10, 202. —

trī̆plex, ĭcis, n., three times as much, a threefold portion, triple: sume tibi decies; tibi tantundem;

tibi triplex,

Hor. S. 2 3, 237; cf.:

pediti in singulos dati centeni (denarii), duplex centurioni, triplex equiti,

Liv. 45, 40, 5; 45, 43, 7:

olei veteris triplex adicitur,

Scrib. Comp. 218. —

trī̆plĭces, ĭum, m. (sc. codicilli), a writing-tablet with three leaves, Cic. Att. 13, 8, 1; Mart. 7, 72, 2; 10, 87, 6; 14, 6, 1.—

Transf., very great or strong: triplici fluctu, Sall. Fragm. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 1, 116 (id. H. 4, 23 Dietsch). — Adv.: trĭplĭcĭter, in a threefold manner, in three ways:

commutare,

Auct. Her. 4, 42, 54: l littera tripliciter sonat, Mart. Cap. 3, 54.